Following NATO's summit in Ankara, Europe must move beyond capability development. It is time to assume leadership for defence planning, rehearse for fighting with less US support, and ensure coherence between the various political frameworks.

Europe does not need new trade defence measures to respond to China's export surge. It needs to use its existing powers more decisively to deter coercion, strengthen its negotiating position and restore competitiveness.

Europe has strengthened its resilience and preparedness, but efforts remain fragmented. An EU resilience planning capability would improve coordination, strengthen civilian-military cooperation and help make resilience a core pillar of European deterrence and defence.

As China exerts growing economic and strategic pressure on Europe, the EU continues to delay difficult decisions. How can Europe defend its interests against a power that increasingly uses trade, technology and economic interdependence for political purposes?