Europe is facing years of maximum danger. In an era of reduced US engagement, strengthening deterrence against Russia requires strengthening three interlocking foundations: resources, readiness and resolve.
As China exerts growing economic and strategic pressure on Europe, the EU continues to delay difficult decisions. How can Europe defend its interests against a power that increasingly uses trade, technology and economic interdependence for political purposes?
China’s critical raw material export squeeze has proven a powerful geo-economic weapon. Initially retaliation against US tariffs and tech restrictions, Beijing’s leverage now advances its far greater ambitions.
Europe has strengthened its resilience and preparedness, but efforts remain fragmented. An EU resilience planning capability would improve coordination, strengthen civilian-military cooperation and help make resilience a core pillar of European deterrence and defence.
