The US’s three main adversaries– Russia, China and Iran – actively sought to influence the outcome of the 2024 presidential election. This Brief examines the various tactics that they employed, arguing that the EU can learn from innovative strategies put in place by the US...

Tariffs under Trump 2.0 are likely to target Europe’s exports to the US. While importing more American gas may enhance Europe’s leverage in tariff negotiations and help to offset Russian supplies , this comes at a sharp cost to European competitiveness. The EU should focus on...

The EU is increasingly concerned about strategic dependencies on Chinese technology, particularly with regard to China’s output of legacy semiconductor chips. This Brief explores what steps the EU can take to build resilience against economic security risks in this domain.